An example of a semi-automatic handgun. The rectangular component printed with the “Chief’s Special” text is the slide.

The slide is the part of the weapon on a majority of semi-automatic pistols that

The slide is the part of the weapon on a majority of semi-automatic pistols that moves during the operating cycle and generally houses the firing pin or striker and the extractor, and serves as the bolt. It is spring loaded so that once it has moved to its rearmost position in the firing cycle, spring tension brings it back to the starting position chambering a fresh cartridge during the motion provided that the magazine is not empty.

Through the principles of recoil or blowback operation, the slide is forced back with each shot. Generally, this action serves three purposes: ejecting the spent casing, cocking the hammer or striker for the next shot, and loading another cartridge into the chamber when the slide comes forward.

Once the magazine is empty, the slide will lock back, released only when the slide stop is depressed; if a new magazine is inserted before the slide stop is depressed then a new cartridge will be chambered.

Some handguns also utilise the slide stop as a means of releasing the slide, when the slide stop is held upwards for purposes such as field stripping eliminating the need for any further lock mechanisms and the room that these may use inside the gun.

Automatically cocking the hammer or striker is an important function of double action / single action pistols. However, some semi-auto pistols are double action only, and are designed to omit this step (cocking the hammer or striker).



It was selected as the winner of a contest that included three competing designs: the first was a rifle designed by Sergei Simonov (known as the SSV-58), the second design, a prototype designated 2B-W10 by Alexander Konstantinov, and the third rifle, the SVD-137, a design submitted by Yevgeny Dragunov. Extensive field testing of the rifles conducted in a wide range of environmental conditions resulted in Dragunov’s proposal being accepted into service in 1963. An initial pre-production batch consisting of 200 rifles was assembled for evaluation purposes, and from 1964 serial production was carried out by Izhevsk Mechanical Works.

Since then, the Dragunov has become the standard squad support weapon of several countries, including those of the former Warsaw Pact. Licensed production of the rifle was established in China (Type 79 and Type 85) and Iran (as a direct copy of the Chinese Type 79).

//

[edit] Design details

[edit] Operating mechanism

The Dragunov is a semi-automatic gas-operated rifle with a short-stroke gas-piston system. The barrel breech is locked through a rotating bolt (left rotation) and uses three locking lugs to engage corresponding locking recesses in the barrel extension. The rifle has a manual, two-position gas regulator.

After discharging the last cartridge from the magazine, the bolt carrier and bolt are held back on a bolt catch that is released by pulling the cocking handle to the rear. The rifle has a hammer-type striking mechanism and a manual lever safety selector. The rifle’s receiver is machined to provide additional accuracy and torsional strength. The Dragunov’s receiver bears a number of similarities to the AK action, such as the large dust cover, iron sights and lever safety selector, but these similarities are primarily cosmetic in nature.

[edit] Features

The weapon is fed from a curved box magazine with a 10-round capacity and the cartridges are double-stacked in a checker pattern.

The Dragunov’s barrel is ended with a slotted flash suppressor. The barrel’s bore is chrome-lined^[3] for increased corrosion resistance, and has 4 right-hand grooves with a 320 mm (1:12.6 in) twist rate. The rifled part of the barrel is 547 mm (21.5 in). Later the twist rate was tightened to 240 mm (1:9.4 in) which slightly reduces the accuracy of fire with sniper cartridges and reduces the muzzle velocity to 810 m/s (2,657.5 ft/s). This was done in order to facilitate the use of tracer and armor-piercing incendiary ammunition. These special bullet types required a shorter twist rate for adequate stabilization.^[4]

For precision shooting, specifically designed sniper cartridges are used, developed by V. M. Sabelnikov, P. P. Sazonov and V. M. Dvorianinov. The proprietary 7N1 load has a steel jacketed projectile with an air pocket, a steel core and a lead knocker in the base for maximum terminal effect. The 7N1 was replaced in 1999 by the 7N14 round. The 7N14 is a new load developed for the SVD. It consists of a 151 grain projectile which travels at the same 830 m/s, but it has a sharp hardened steel core projectile. The rifle can also fire standard 7.62x54mmR ammunition with either conventional, tracer or armor piercing incendiary rounds.

The Russian military has established accuracy standards the SVD and its corresponding sniper grade ammunition have to meet. Manufacturers must perform firing tests to check if the rifles and sniper grade ammunition fulfill these standards. To comply to the standards the SVD rifle with 7N1 sniper cartridges may not produce more than 1.24 MOA extreme vertical spread with 240 mm twist rate barrels and no more than 1.04 MOA extreme vertical spread with 320 mm twist rate barrels. When using standard grade 57-N-323S cartridges the accuracy of the SVD is reduced to 2.21 MOA extreme vertical spread. The extreme vertical spreads for the SVD are established by shooting 5-shot groups at 300 m range. The accuracy of the SVD with sniper grade ammunition corresponds to the American M24 Sniper Weapon System with M118SB cartridges (1.18 MOA extreme vertical spread) and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System with M118LR ammunition (1.27 MOA extreme vertical spread).^[5]

The Dragunov has a vented, two-piece wooden handguard/gas tube cover and a skeletonized wooden thumbhole stock equipped with a detachable cheek rest; the latter is removed when using iron sights. Newer production models feature synthetic furniture made of a black polymer – the handguard and gas tube cover are more or less identical in appearance, while the thumbhole stock is of a different shape.

[edit] Sights

PSO-1‘s unique reticle. The rangefinder is in the lower left, chevrons for bullet drop compensation are found in the middle, and stadia marks for windage to the left and right of the center reticule. This is a Romanian sight – the reticule is illuminated by radioactive tritium instead of a small battery-powered lamp.

PSO-1 scope and carrying case. Note the proprietary quick-release mounting bracket.

The rifle features mechanically adjustable backup iron sights with a sliding tangent rear sight (the sight can be adjusted to a maximum range of 1,200 m). The iron sights can be used with or without the standard issue optical sight in place. This is possible because the scope mount does not block the area between the front and rear sights.

The Dragunov is issued with a quick-detachable PSO-1 optical sight.^[6] The PSO-1 sight (at a total length of 375 mm with a lens cover and sun shade, 4x magnification and 6° field of view) mounts to a proprietary side rail mount that does not block the view of the iron sight line. The PSO-1 sight includes a variety of features, such as a bullet drop compensation (BDC) elevation adjustment knob, an illuminated rangefinder grid, a reticle that enables target acquisition in low light conditions as well as an infrared charging screen that is used as a passive detection system. The PSO-1 sight enables targets to be engaged at ranges upwards of 1,300 m; effective ranges in combat situations have been stated at between 600 to 1,300 m, depending on the nature of the target (point or area target) quality of ammunition and skill of the shooter.^[7][8]

Several other models of the PSO sight are available with varying levels of magnification and alternative aiming reticules.^[9] Rifles designated SVDN come equipped with a night sight, such as the NSP-3, NSPU, PGN-1, NSPUM or the Polish passive PCS-6 and can be used to engage targets at night.

[edit] Accessories

A number of accessories are provided with the rifle, including a blade-type bayonet (AKM clipped point or the AK-74 spear point bayonet), four spare magazines, a leather or nylon sling, magazine pouch, cleaning kit and an accessory/maintenance kit for the telescopic sight.

[edit] Variants

The SVDS variant

Pair of Dragunovs imported to the U.S. as Tigers. Top rifle has cheek pad, two 10-round magazines, and flash suppressor. Bottom rifle was marketed as a hunting “carbine”. It has no cheek pad, two 5-round magazines, and no flash suppressor.

In the early 1990s a compact variant of the SVD designed for airborne infantry was introduced, known as the SVDS (short for Snayperskaya Vintovka Dragunova Skladnaya, “Dragunov Sniper Rifle with folding stock”), which features a tubular metal stock that folds to the right side of the receiver (equipped with a synthetic shoulder pad and a fixed cheek riser) and a synthetic pistol grip. The barrel was also given a heavier profile, the receiver housing was strengthened, the gas cylinder block was improved and a ported, conical flash hider was adopted.

The SVDS also comes in a night-capable variant designated SVDSN.

In 1994 the Russian TsKIB SOO company (currently, a division of the KBP Instrument Design Bureau) developed the SVU sniper rifle (short for Snayperskaya Vintovka Ukorochennaya, “Sniper Rifle, Shortened”) offered to special units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).

The SVU, compared to the SVD, has a considerably shorter overall length because of the bullpup layout and shortened barrel that also received a triple-baffle muzzle brake with an approx. 40% recoil reduction effectiveness. The rifle was equipped with folding iron sights (rear aperture sight in a rotating drum) and the PSO-1 telescopic sight.

A variant of the SVU, designed with a selective-fire capability and using 20-round magazines is called the SVU-A (A – Avtomaticheskaya).

In 1998 Poland adopted a modernized variant of the SVD designated the SWD-M, which uses a heavy barrel, bipod (mounted to the forearm) and LD-6 (6×42) telescopic sight.

[edit] Commercial Variants

The Dragunov also served as the basis for several hunting rifles. In 1962 the state armory in Izhevsk developed the “Medved” (Bear) rifle, initially chambered first in the 9x53mm cartridge and later in the 7.62x51mm NATO round for export. In the early 1970s Izhevsk introduced the “Tigr” (Tiger) hunting rifle with a fixed thumbhole stock without a cheekpiece and chambered in 7.62x54mmR, 7.62x51mm NATO, and 9.3x64mm Brenneke. They were originally produced individually but since 1992 they have been made serially in batches.

Another variant of the SVD is the Iraqi 7.62 mm Al-Kadesih sniper rifle. The Al-Kadesih while stylistically very similar to the SVD has some key differences. The Al-Kadesih has a unique pressed-metal receiver which is longer than that of the SVD, although the overall length of the rifle is similar to that of the SVD. It is fitted for and uses the Soviet-era PSO-I Optical Sight. Further the barrel is pinned, rather than screwed, to the receiver, although it is of the same length as that of the SVD. The fore-end has four longitudinal slots on each side instead of six short slots. Another readily visible distinguishing feature of the Al-Kadesih is that the magazine has an ornamental relief pattern showing a stylised palm tree.

[edit] Deployment

The Dragunov is an original rifle design for several reasons. First, it was not meant for highly trained and specialized sniper teams, but rather for designated marksmen, spread in every basic infantry unit. In every platoon of Warsaw Pact troops, there was a Dragunov rifle marksman. In the DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) arsenals alone, there were almost 2,000 Dragunov rifles,^[10] while in many Western armies there was not even a single sniper rifle except in special forces units (as example, in the Italian Army until the 1990s), but in Warsaw Pact troop formations, the Dragunov marksmen were widespread among the regular units. To fulfill this role the rifle is relatively light for a sniper rifle but well balanced, making it easier to use in a dynamic battle. It also is a semi-automatic rifle, a rare feature for accuracy orientated rifles in the 1960s (except for customized ordnance, like M1 Garands), to allow rapid fire and quicker engagement of multiple targets. In order to fire effective API ammunition, its accuracy potential was slightly downgraded by shortening the twist rate, another uncommon priority for a pure sniper rifle. Its precision is good but not exceptional, also because it has a relatively light barrel profile. Like an assault rifle, the rifle has mounts on the barrel to fix a bayonet. The standard AKM bayonet can even be used to cut barbed wire. Lastly, the rifle was meant to be a relatively cheap mass produced firearm.

These features and unusual characteristics were driven by the tactical use doctrine of Dragunov armed marksman which was; from (just behind) the first line targeting high value targets of opportunity and providing special long-distance disrupting and suppressive fire on the battlefield, even with sudden close encounters with enemy troops in mind. A relatively small number of marksman could assist conventional troops by combating or harassing valuable targets and assets such as: enemy key personnel like officers, non-commissioned officers and radio operators, exposed tank commanders, designated marksman and snipers, machinegun teams, anti-tank warfare teams, etc.

P90
FN P90 LV/LIR with empty magazine.
Type	Personal defense weapon
Place of origin	Belgium
Service history
In service	1991–present [1]
Used by	See Users
Wars	Gulf War [1] Afghanistan War Iraq War
Production history
Designed	1986–1990 [1]
Manufacturer	FN Herstal
Produced	1990–present [2][3]
Variants	See Variants: P90 P90 TR P90 USG P90 LV/LIR PS90
Specifications
Weight	2.54 kg (5.60 lb) empty [4] 2.68 kg (5.9 lb) empty magazine [5] 3.0 kg (6.6 lb) loaded magazine [5]
Length	500 mm (19.7 in) [4]
Barrel length	263 mm (10.4 in) [4]
Width	55 mm (2.2 in) [6]
Height	210 mm (8.3 in) [6]
Cartridge	5.7x28mm [4]
Action	Straight blowback, closed bolt [4]
Rate of fire	900 rounds/min [4]
Muzzle velocity	850 m/s (2,800 ft/s) (SS90) [5] 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s) (SS190) [4]
Effective range	200 m (655 ft) [7]
Maximum range	1800 m (5905 ft) [7]
Feed system	50-round detachable box magazine [4]
Sights	Tritium-illuminated reflex sight, back-up iron sights [4]

The FN P90 is a personal defense weapon (PDW) designed by Belgian firearms manufacturer FN Herstal in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The weapon’s name is an abbreviation of Project 9.0, which specifies a weapon system of the 1990s.^[8] The P90 was originally designed as a compact but powerful firearm for vehicle drivers, operators of crew-served weapons, support personnel, special forces and anti-terrorist units.^[4]

The P90 features a compact bullpup design, ambidextrous grip and a polymer and alloy-based construction. The weapon contains several innovative features including the top-mounted magazine and proprietary 5.7x28mm ammunition, designed for greater penetration of body armor than conventional pistol ammunition.

By 2003, 17,000 P90s were in use by military and police forces in over 25 countries worldwide.^[6][9] By 2009, the P90 and variants were in use with over 200 law enforcement agencies in the United States.^[10] The PS90 sporting model is also becoming popular among civilian shooters.

//

[edit] History

The P90 was developed by FN between 1986 and 1990 in conjunction with the 5.7x28mm cartridge. FN’s goal was to replace the pistol-caliber submachine guns which were in use at the time by military and law enforcement personnel, as it had become evident that such weapons were ineffective against body armor.^[5][11]

Initially the weapon was designed to use a 5.7x28mm cartridge called the SS90. The SS90 propelled a 1.5 g (23 grain) plastic-core projectile from the P90 at a muzzle velocity of roughly 850 m/s (2800 ft/s).^[5] The first prototype firing this ammunition was completed in October 1986, and over 3,000 submachine guns were produced in this configuration until 1993 in a low-rate trial production mode.^[12] Shortly after its introduction the weapon was adopted and used in service with the Belgian special forces group in the 1991 Gulf War.^[1]

Following the P90′s introduction, FN revised the 5.7x28mm ammunition and abandoned the SS90 variation. The new variation, designated the SS190, used a projectile 2.7 mm (0.11 in) shorter in length than that of the SS90.^[5] This allowed it to be used more conveniently in the FN Five-seven pistol, which was also being developed at that time.^[13] This projectile also had a heavier weight and more conventional construction containing an aluminium core and steel penetrator.^[5][14][15] A modified version of the P90 with a magazine adapted to use the shortened ammunition was introduced in 1993.^[13] Several special cartridge variations were also developed, such as the L191 tracer round and the subsonic SB193 bullet for use with a sound-suppressed P90.^[14]

Further development of the P90 platform led to the creation of the P90 TR variant, which has a MIL-STD-1913 top rail system. This variant was introduced in 1999 and continues to be offered alongside the standard P90.^[6] More recently, the P90 has been offered to civilian shooters in various configurations as the PS90. This is a semi-automatic sporting version with a lengthened 407 mm (16.0 in) barrel.^[16]

[edit] Design details

The P90 is a selective fire straight blowback-operated weapon with a short recoiling barrel and fires from a closed bolt.^[2][4][5] The return mechanism consists of two parallel spring guide rods that also guide the bolt carrier assembly. The weapon’s 263 mm (10.39 in) hammer-forged steel barrel is fitted with a ported, diagonally cut flash suppressor that also acts as a recoil compensator.^[17]

A disassembled PS90, showing the major component groups: 1. trigger group, 2. barrel and optical sight assembly, 3. butt plate, 4. magazine, 5. bolt carrier and recoil assembly, 6. stock body and trigger. The standard P90 disassembles into similar main components.

The weapon uses an internal hammer striking mechanism and a trigger mechanism with a three-position rotary dial fire control selector, located centrally beneath the trigger. The fire selector also provides a manual safety against accidental firing. The dial in the “S” position – weapon safe, “1″ – semi-automatic fire, “A” – fully automatic fire. When set on “A”, the selector provides a two-stage trigger operation. Pulling the trigger back slightly produces semi-automatic fire and pulling the trigger fully to the rear will produce fully automatic fire.^[1][2][5] The “safe” setting disables the trigger.

The P90 is fully ambidextrous; it can be operated by right or left-handed shooters with equal ease, and without making any modifications to the weapon. The charging handle, auxiliary fixed sights and magazine release are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the firearm. The manual fire selector below the trigger can be operated from either side. Spent cartridge casings are ejected downward through a chute located aft of the pistol grip, keeping fired cases out of the shooter’s line of sight.^[1][2][5]

The P90 is designed in the bullpup configuration which reduces the firearm’s overall length while retaining a full-length barrel. The pistol grip with a thumbhole and oversized trigger guard act as the forward grip, and a handstop is incorporated into the weapon’s stock to prevent the user from accidentally reaching out in front of the barrel during firing.^[5] The P90 is a modular firearm and consists of 69 parts that disassemble into four main groups: the barrel with integrated sight assembly, receiver with return mechanism, stock body with trigger and firing mechanism and the magazine. The P90 makes extensive use of polymers and lightweight alloys to reduce both the weight and the cost of the weapon.^[5]

[edit] Ammunition

5.7x28mm cartridges as used in the P90 and sporting models.

Particularly significant to the design of the P90 is the bottlenecked 5.7x28mm cartridge created by FN specifically for use in it. This cartridge weighs 6.0 g (93 grains),^[18] roughly half as much as a typical 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge, allowing extra ammunition to be carried more easily.^[19][20][21] The 5.7x28mm cartridge produces considerable muzzle blast and flash, but it produces roughly 30% less recoil than the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge, improving controllability.^[20][21] It also exhibits a flatter trajectory.^[20][22]

One of the design intents of the SS190 variation of this cartridge (not sporting variations) was that it have the ability to penetrate Kevlar protective vests, such as the NATO CRISAT vest, that will stop conventional pistol bullets.^[21] The 5.7x28mm SS190 variation is capable of penetrating the CRISAT vest at a range of 200 m (655 ft).^[21] It is also capable of penetrating a Level IIIA Kevlar vest at the same range.^[22]

In testing in 1999 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the SS190 fired from the P90 at a distance of 25 m (82.02 ft) exhibited an average penetration depth of 25 cm (9.85 in) in ballistic gelatin covered with a Level II vest.^[23] In testing done by Houston Police Department SWAT, the SS190 fired from the P90 typically exhibited between 27.94 to 34.29 cm (11 to 13.5 in) penetration in bare ballistic gelatin.^[22] The SS190 and similar 5.7x28mm projectiles have been shown to turn base over point (“tumble”) in testing in ballistic gelatin and other media, using the 21.6 mm (.85 in) projectile length^[24] to create a larger wound cavity.^{[4][19][22][25][26]} However, some are skeptical of the bullet’s terminal performance, and it is a subject of debate among civilian shooters in the United States.^[26]

FN states that the P90 has an effective range of 200 m (655 ft) and a maximum range of 1800 m (5905 ft).^[7] Since the SS190 projectile does not rely on fragmentation or the expansion of a hollow point, the cartridge and gun are considered suitable for military use under the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which prohibit use of expanding or fragmenting bullets in warfare.^[26]

[edit] Feeding

The P90 uses a unique horizontally-mounted feeding system that was patented in the United States (U.S. Patent 4,905,394 dated March 6, 1990 and expired 2007), naming René Predazzer as the sole inventor.^[27] The box magazine is mounted parallel to the bore axis and locks in place between the charging handles and optical sight, flush with the receiver top cover. It has a capacity of 50 rounds and it is clear plastic, so the user can see the amount of ammunition remaining.^[1][4][5] The base of the magazine is located near the muzzle end, the feed lips above the barrel chamber in a circular bulge that contains the feed tray. Cartridges in the magazine body are double stacked to the left side. The magazine features a follower with rollers and a spiral feed ramp that will rotate a cartridge 90° to the right aligning it in a double stack pattern within the magazine.^[1][5]

[edit] Sights and accessories

The P90 was originally equipped with an unmagnified HC-14-62 reflex sight from Ring Sights, which enabled quick target acquisition up to 150 metres (490 ft) and operation in low-level lighting conditions thanks to a tritium-illuminated aiming reticle.

Newer guns are fitted with the Ring Sights MC-10-80 sight designed specifically for the P90.^[1][4] It uses a forward-aimed fiber optic collector to illuminate the daytime reticle, which consists of a large circle of about 180 Minute of arc (MOA), with a 20 MOA circle surrounding a dot in the center. The night reticle consists of an open “T” that is primarily illuminated by a tritium module or moonlight and ambient light drawn in by an upward-facing collector. The sight is adjustable for both windage and elevation and can be used with night vision equipment.^[28] Auxiliary fixed iron sights are provided on both sides of the receiver’s cast aluminium optical sight housing.^[1][4]

The P90 can also be fitted with a laser aiming module integrated into the stock body beneath the barrel, or various sound suppressors such as the Gemtech SP90. This suppressor has a length of 200 mm (7.9 in), a diameter of 40 mm (1.6 in) and a weight 400 g (14 oz).^[29] When proper ammunition is used, it reduces the sound signature of the weapon by 33 dB.^[7][30]

[edit] Variants

[edit] P90 TR

The P90 TR variant was introduced in 1999.^[6] It features a receiver-mounted triple MIL-STD-1913 rail interface system or “Triple Rail” (TR). There is one full-length rail on the top of the base and two rail “stumps” on the sides of the receiver. The side rails serve to mount accessories such as laser aiming devices or flashlights, while the integrated top rail will accept various optics with no tools or additional mounting hardware required.

[edit] P90 USG

The P90 USG variant is similar to the standard P90 with the exception of a revised optic system, developed based on input from the United States Secret Service and other government agencies. The aluminium sight uses a non-magnified black reticle that does not require ambient light.^[31]

PS90
FN PS90 in OD green with sling and empty magazine.
Type	Semi-automatic carbine
Place of origin	Belgium
Production history
Manufacturer	FN Herstal
Produced	2005-present [32]
Specifications
Weight	2.85 kg (6.28 lb) empty [33] 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) loaded [32]
Length	660 mm (26.0 in) [33]
Barrel length	407 mm (16.0 in) [33]
Cartridge	5.7x28mm [16]
Muzzle velocity	777 m/s (2550 ft/s) (SS195) [34] 640 m/s (2100 ft/s) (SS197) [34] 930 m/s (3050 ft/s) (EA Ultra Raptor) [35]
Feed system	10, 30, or 50-round detachable box magazine [19]

[edit] P90 Laserex models (P90 LV, P90 LIR)

The P90 LV and P90 LIR models add an integrated visible laser sight or infrared sight respectively.^[1] They were introduced in late 1995.^[36] Both units are manufactured by the Australian company Laserex Technologies. The laser’s power switch is a green button located under the trigger grip. The lasers have three internal settings: “off”, to prevent accidental activation, “low-intensity”, for combat training and extended battery life, and “high-intensity” – for maximum visibility.^[37]

[edit] PS90 sporting models

The PS90 is a semi-automatic sporting version designed for the civilian market^[16] and introduced in late 2005.^[32] It has an extended 407 mm (16.0 in) barrel, an olive drab or black synthetic stock body, and an MC-10-80 reflex sight identical to that used on the standard P90. The MC-10-80 can be removed and replaced with a special top rail in order to use third party optics. The barrel has 8 right-hand grooves, a 1:7 twist, a rifled length of 376 mm and comes with a fixed “birdcage” type flash suppressor. The overall length of the PS90 is 667 millimetres (26.3 in). The trigger pull is rated at approximately 7 to 8 lb.^[38] The receiver assembly is drilled and tapped to accept accessory Picatinny rails on either side. The front swivel sling mount is not included, and installation requires the barrel shroud to be unpinned and removed. It accepts the standard P90 50-round magazines, but is sold only with a 10 or 30-round magazine depending on local and state regulations. The PS90 weighs 2.9 kg (6.4 lb) empty and 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) with a fully loaded 50-round magazine.^[11][32]

The PS90 TR, or Triple Rail, uses a different receiver assembly that is similar to the P90 TR.^[16] The standard back-up iron sights are no longer present, and instead, the top of the receiver is machined to form a Picatinny rail. Two plastic side-rails are included for mounting lasers or tactical flashlights. The PS90 TR is also available with either an olive-drab or black polymer stock.^[16]

Another semi-automatic variant is the PS90 USG,^[16] which like the standard P90 USG, replaces the MC-10-80 reflex sight with an unmagnified sight with a black ring aiming reticle. The PS90 USG is also available with either olive-drab or black furniture.^[16]

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• Biaya pemakaian akses internet yang diberlakukan di warnet rata-rata Rp. 3.000 – Rp. 5.000 per jam
• Break-even operasional bandwidth per komputer cukup dari pemakaian 2-3 jam per hari !
• Berapapun pembayaran dari pelanggan untuk selanjutnya merupakan laba kotor penjualan

Dengan solusi tersebut, mudah-mudahan orang-orang seperti tetanggaku dapat melebarkan usahanya dengan berbisnis warnet. Sampai tahun 2005 saja baru tercatat 4000 warnet di Indonesia, dengan demikian pada tahun 2015 nanti diperlukan sekitar 75.000 warnet untuk memenuhi kebutuhan akses informasi sekitar 250 juta penduduk Indonesia.

sumber :

http://thezoostation.wordpress.com/2006/08/16/solusi-buka-warnet-dengan-mudah-dan-murah/

Berdasar riset di tahun 2009, terdapat lima fungsi handphone yang ada di masyarakat. Handphone yang dulunya hanya berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi, kini pun telah berubah.

Berikut persentase 5 fungsi handphone bagi masyarakat Indonesia:

1. Sebagai alat Komunikasi agar tetap terhubung dengan teman ataupun keluarga = 65%
2. Sebagai simbol kelas masyakarat = 44%
3. Sebagai penunjang bisnis = 49%
4. Sebagai pengubah batas sosial masyarakat = 36%
5. Sebagai alat penghilang stress =36%

Berdasar paparan data di atas, kegunaan handphone sebagai alat komunikasi ternyata tetap menjadi alasan nomor satu, dengan presentase 65%.

Nah, dua poin yang menarik di sini adalah fungsi handphone sebagai simbol status sosial dengan presentase 44%, disusul fungsinya untuk mengubah status sosial di masyarakat, dengan presentase 36%. Hal ini memang sebuah kenyataan yang terjadi di masyarakat.

Dengan 5 fungsi handphone bagi masyarakat Indonesia di atas, maka potensi bisnis industri ponsel [handphone] masih menjanjikan di tahun-tahun mendatang. “10% peningkatan dari sektor ini, bahkan dapat menaikkan pendapatan negara sebesar 1,2%,”.

sumber :

http://capedeh.com/fungsi-handphone-bagi-orang-indonesia/info-terbaru/

Berikut beberapa tips cara membuat donat menurut saya

1. Proses pengadukan dan fermentasi yang berlebihan atau kurang akan berakibat hasilnya kurang maksimal.
2. Ciri adonan yang kalis bentuknya lentur,lembut dan jika ditarik tidak putus dan tembus pandang.
3. Menambahkan mentega putih dalam minyak goring,dan meniriskanya diatas rak kawat berlapis kertas,akan membuat donat tidak terlalu berminyak.
4. Sesekali saringlah minyak penggorengan agar penampilan donat lebih bersih.
5. Agar bagian tengah tidak mentah ,pada saat awal menggoreng,gunakan temperature panas secara bertahap.
6. Sebelum donat dihias/diberi toping donat harus dalam keadaan dingin.

selamat mencoba semoga kue donatnya enak dan lezat

Pertama, Menjual Produk Lewat Facebook. Anda bisa mempresentasikan dan memasarkan produk Anda secara langsung lewat jaringan pertemanan. Apakah itu menjual produk kepada teman-teman Anda atau menjual produk melalui sebuah group yang berada dalam satu jaringan yang terbentuk berdasarkan wilayah, tempat kerja, sekolah, kampus dan lain sebagainya. Agar teman-teman dan group Anda tahu tentang produk yang Anda jual, maka Anda perlu memajang produk dengan Aplikasi Pasar atau Market Place. Langkah-langkahnya antara lain:

• Bergabung dalam suatu jaringan, masuklah terlebih dahulu ke bagian pengaturan Akun dengan cara: Pilih opsi Pengaturan > Pengaturan Akun.
• Pada halaman Pengaturan Akun, pilih Tab Jaringan, kemudian ketik nama jaringan yang hendak Anda ikuti, misalnya Indonesia atau Jakarta dan sebagainya.
• Jika sudah, klik tombol Bergabung dengan Jaringan dan Anda akan mendapat konfirmasi keberhasilan pendaftaran ke jaringan tersebut.
• Langkah selanjutnya adalah mengaktifkan Aplikasi Pasar (Marketplace) dan memajang Produk Anda. Pilih tombol Aplikasi yang berada di sudut kiri bawah halaman Facebook Anda, pilihlah opsi Jelajahi Aplikasi Lain.
• Selanjutnya muncul halaman baru, pada bagian sisi kiri, pilihlah opsi Pencarian, ketikkan kata kunci “marketplace” lalu Enter
• Setelah itu carilah dan klik aplikasi Marketplace
• Pilih tombol Menuju Ke Aplikasi
• Halaman selanjutnya adalah Marketplace Categories, ada beberapa opsi, antara lain Dijual, (Items For Sale) Perumahan (Housing), Kendaraan (Vehicle), Lowongan Pekerjaan (Jobs), dan Lainnya. Disini Anda bisa memilih kategori produk yang ingin Anda jual, sebagai contoh Pilih opsi Dijual dengan mengklik Items For Sale
• Langkah selanjutnya adalah Tulis judul Produk yang ingin Anda jual, pada bagian Post Items For Sale
• Selanjutnya akan muncul jendela yang memberikan Izin Akses ke Aplikasi Marketplace, klik tombol Izinkan
• Pada halaman selanjutnya, tulis nama Produk pada kotak Title, kemudian isi kotak Why are You Selling It? misalnya diisi dengan Butuh Uang, kemudian isi harganya di bagian Price, lalu isi lokasi dan isi keterangan produk di kotak Keterangan/Description.
• Beri tanda centang pada opsi Profil, Daftarkan di, Privasi.
• Pilihlah tombol Choose atau Telusuri di bagian Foto untuk menampilkan gambar produk. Kemudian cari gambar produk di komputer Anda, jika sudah klik tombol Open. Beri tanda centang pada Term of Use
• Klik Submit
• Selanjutnya pilih opsi Bagikan yang berada di sudut kanan atas.
• Langkah selanjutnya pilih tab Kirim ke Profil kemudian klik tombol Kirim
• Selesai. Anda bisa melihat tampilan produk ini di halaman profile Anda.

Kedua, Beriklan Lewat Facebook. Pada dasarnya beriklan ini sama saja dengan menjual produk, hanya saja cara yang dilakukan adalah langsung menulis deskripsi produk seperti Anda mengirim berita saja, atau Anda membuat album dan mengupload photo yang berkaitan dengan produk Anda, ini juga bisa dikategorikan beriklan dengan jaringan teman atau group. Teman istri saya berjualan tas dengan cara seperti ini. Akan tetapi beriklan yang sesungguhnya melalui Facebook adalah dengan mengajukan permintaan beriklan dengan mengklik tombol Iklan di bagian bawah halaman Facebook. Pengiklan harus membayar ke Facebook untuk beriklan ini. Gambaran umum beriklan di Facebook sebagai berikut:

• Rancang Iklan Anda. Buat rancangan kreatif termasuk judul untuk iklan Anda (maksimal 25 karakter termasuk spasi) dan isi iklan Anda (maksimal 135 karakter termasuk spasi) di ruang yang disediakan. Anda juga bisa menggunggah sebuah foto atau gambar. Namun, sifatnya opsional.
• Tentukan sekarang, apakah Anda ingin langsung mengarahkan orang-orang ke laman web Anda ataukah ke salah satu halaman di Facebook seperti Halaman, Aplikasi, Grup, atau Acara. Jika Anda sudah menjadi pengurus Halaman, Grup, Acara, atau Aplikasi Facebook Anda, Anda dapat memilihnya dari opsi yang tersedia. Pada tahap ini, Anda juga dapat memilih untuk melampirkan aksi sosial pada iklan Anda. Jika Anda mencontreng kotak, kami akan menambahkan konten yang memberitahu pengguna mengenai interaksi teman-teman mereka dengan merek atau bisnis Anda pada Facebook.
• Menetapkan Target. Bidik calon pelanggan Anda dengan penyaring demografis dan psikografis mengenai orang-orang. Secara default, Facebook membidik semua pengguna berusia 18 tahun ke atas di lokasi default. Namun, Anda disarankan mengubah ini guna menjangkau orang-orang yang paling sesuai untuk iklan Anda. Pastikan untuk merujuk ke figur jangkauan yang mendekati untuk memperkirakan jumlah orang yang cocok dengan kriteria anda.
• Promosi dan Harga. Beri nama promosi Anda tetapi ingatlah bahwa iklan dengan promosi yang sama akan berbagi jadwal tayang. Sekarang Anda dapat menyetel promosi Anda, tentukan anggaran harian dan jadwal Anda. Berapa banyak uang yang ingin Anda keluarkan setiap hari? Sekarang jadwalkan iklan Anda. Apakah Anda ingin promosi Anda terus menerus sejak saat iklan Anda disetujui atau pada tanggal awal dan akhir tertentu. Tentukan apakah Anda ingin bayar per klik atau bayar per tampilan.

Ketiga, Memasang dan Menjual Facebook Application. Cara ini baik bagi anda yang punya keterampilan programming. Buatlah aplikasi yang bisa digunakan di Facebook, semakin menarik aplikasi tersebut maka semakin besar potensi Anda mendapat duit lewat Facebook. Misalnya game yang menawarkan layanan premium, orang dapat menggunakan layanan tersebut bila membeli atau berlanganan aplikasi ini. Anggap saja ini jual jasa.

Keempat, Mencari Investor. Anda bisa menawarkan ide dan mencari investor lewat jaringan pertemanan anda. Kalau ada yang tertarik atas ide Anda, langkah selanjutnya adalah menghubunginya secara personal baik lewat email, telpon atau bertemu langsung.

Kelima, Memanfaatkan Aplikasi PayPerPost. Ada beberapa aplikasi di Facebook yang memberikan kesempatan kepada member untuk mendapatkan uang Dollars seperti aplikasi PayPerPost, Cliquecash, Net-60 dan masih banyak lagi. Untuk kali ini saya hanya memberikan contoh aplikasi PayPerPost. Aplikasi ini merupakan program paid posting yang memperbolehkan kita memasang link banner referral situs PayPerPost.com dalam profil Facebook kita. Jika ada orang yang mendaftar PayPerPost melalui link Anda, maka Anda akan mendapat penghasilan $15 setiap pendaftar. enak bukan? Kalo ada 1000 pendaftar tinggal kalikan saja. Sebelum Anda mendaftar di aplikasi ini, ada baiknya Anda memiliki Account Paypal karena komisi akan dibayarkan melalui rekening PayPal. Berikut cara menggunakan aplikasi PayPerPost in:

• Buka halaman Facebook Anda
• Klik tombol Aplikasi di sudut kiri bawah
• Klik link Jelajahi Aplikasi Lain
• Ketikkan kata payperpost di kotak pencarian lalu tekan enter
• Anda akan melihat aplikasi PayPerPost, klik aplikasi tersebut
• Akan terbuka halaman baru, klik Ke Aplikasi
• Selanjutnya muncul jendela izin akses, klik Izinkan
• Kemudian Anda akan dibawa ke halaman login aplikasi PayPerPost
• Kalau Anda sudah pernah mendaftar di situs PayPerPost.com dan mempunyai akun, silahkan masukan username dan pasword akun PayPerPost Anda lalu klik Link, jika belum punya, isi formulir di halaman tersebut, lalu klik Blogger
• Bila berhasil, Anda bisa langsung mengundang teman Anda untuk bergabung di PayPerPost dengan meng-klik link Invite Friends

Demikian sedikit informasi tentang manfaat Facebook untuk bisnis Anda dengan harapan Facebook bukan hanya untuk happy fun saja, tetapi bisa mencari dan mendapatkan uang melalui Facebook. Bagaimana? Apakah Anda tertarik cari duit lewat facebook? Semoga saja setelah membaca artikel ini, Anda bisa mendulang uang lewat Facebook. Sukses Untuk Anda.

sumber :

http://bisnis247.com/cari-duit-lewat-facebook

Ingin mengetahui Cara Membuat Virus baik itu virus komputer maupun handphone mudah kok karena Cara kerjanya Membuat Virus hampir sama. Hanya saja perbedaannya pada kode pemrograman dan cara kerja virus yg telah jadi nantinya. Namun harap di ingat ya Sahabat Sejati tidak menyarankan Cara Membuat Virus ini ditujukan untuk berbuat sesuatu hal yg merugikan orang lain, seperti menabur virus di warnet, lab kampus dll.

Kalian ingat gak dengan virus Aksika, Virus “open source” satu itu sungguh mempunyai banyak sekali jenisnya. Tidak heran karena source code-nya memang disediakan gratis di Internet, jadi siapa saja bisa dengan mudah mengubah dan merobah source codenya dan jadilah jenis baru dari Cara Membuat Virus.

Berawal dari kemudahan itulah, banyak Cara Membuat Virus atau programer newbi mencoba–coba untuk membuat virus tanpa perlu usaha extra. Cuma dibutuhkan hanya pengetahuan seputar operating system dan programming Komputer saja.

Namun kemudahan itu belum seberapa, bila dibandingkan dengan menggunakan aplikasi Virus Generator. Dari namanya saja, kita sudah dapat mengira kegunaan dari aplikasi tersebut. Ya, Virus Generator merupakan aplikasi untuk dapat membuat virus secara mudah dan instan.

Bermula dari contoh sebuah virus lumayan banyak dikirimkan oleh pembaca kepada kami. PC Media Antivirus mengenalnya dengan nama Gen.FFE-Fajar, tetapi antivirus lain ada juga menyebutnya dengan nama Brontok.D. Dengan penyelidikan sederhana akhirnya diketahui bahwa virus tersebut dibuat dari Virus Generator.

Fast Firus Engine (FFE)
Pembuat Cara Membuat Virus Generator tersebut menamakan aplikasi buatannya itu dengan nama Fast Firus Engine. Seperti terlihat pada aplikasi ataupun situs pembuatnya, ia memberitahukan bahwa aplikasi ini hanya untuk tujuan pembelajaran dan tidak untuk tindakan merusak. Namun tetap saja, bila aplikasi ini sudah jatuh ke tangan yang salah, pasti akan digunakan untuk melakukan perusakan.

Virus Generator ini dibuat menggunakan bahasa Visual Basic dan di-compress menggunakan packer tELock. Dalam paketnya terdapat dua buah file, yakni Fast Firus Engine.exe dan data.ex_. Fast Firus Engine. exe merupakan aplikasi utama dalam pembuatan virusnya dan sementara file data.exe. Sebenarnya merupakan badan virus asli belum sebelum dirobah.

Ketika file Fast Firus Engine.exe dijalankan, maka Cara Membuat Virus pengguna akan dihadapkan pada sebuah interface. Anda hanya disuruh mengisikan nama virus, nama pembuat, dan pesan-pesannya. Lalu dengan menekan tombol Generate, maka jadilah virus Anda.

Cara Membuat Virus dari Generator tersebut sebenarnya sangat sederhana. Ia hanya menambahkan data yg Anda masukkan tadi ke bagian akhir file virus asli (data.ex_). Nantinya informasi tersebut digunakan oleh virus dalam proses infeksi.

Bagaimana Cara Membuat Virus Menginfeksi?
Virus hasil ciptaan FFE memang terlihat sederhana. Sama seperti Generatornya, ia juga dibuat menggunakan bahasa Visual Basic di compile dengan metode Native Code. Lalu di compress menggunakan tELock agar ukurannya semakin kecil. Virus ini memiliki ukuran tubuh asli sebesar 55.296 bytes.

Saat virus kali pertama dieksekusi, ia akan membuat beberapa file induk di beberapa lokasi. Seperti di direktori \%WINDOWS%\, akan terdapat file dengan nama.exe, Win32 exe, activex.exe, dan %virusname% (nama virus sesuai diisikan oleh sang pembuatnya pada Generator). Di \%WINDOWS%\ %system32%\ akan terdapat file copy.pif, _default.pif, dan surif.bin. Selain itu, Cara Membuat Virus juga mengubah atau membuat file Oeminfo.ini merupakan bagian dari System Properties. Jadi apabila komputer Anda terinfeksi oleh virus hasil generate dari FFE, maka pada System Properties akan terdapat tulisan “Generated by Fast Firus Engine”.

Di direktori \%WINDOWS%\%System%\ akan terdapat beberapa file induk lagi menggunakan nama sama seperti file system milik Windows, seperti csrss.exe, winlogon.exe, lsass.exe, smss.exe, svchost. exe, dan winlogon.exe.

Dan tak lupa, pada root drive akan terdapat sebuah file dengan nama “baca euy.txt” berisikan pesan–pesan dari si pembuat virus. Jadi pada saat membuat virus dengan menggunakan Generator tersebut, maka pembuatnya akan disuguhkan beberapa kotak input, seperti Author Cara Membuat Virus, Name of the virus, dan Messages. Nah, isi dari kotak messages ini nantinya ditampilkan pada file “baca euy.txt” tersebut.

Setelah virus berhasil memindahkan file induknya ke dalam sistem tersebut, ia akan menjalankan file induk tadi, sehingga pada memory akan terdapat beberapa process virus, seperti csrss.exe, winlogon.exe, lsass. exe, smss.exe, svchost.exe, dan winlogon.exe. Nama process mirip dengan process/services milik Windows tersebut mungkin sengaja untuk mengecoh user. Untuk membedakannya, Anda dapat melihat path atau lokasi process tersebut dijalankan. Process virus ini biasanya berjalan di direktori System sementara process/services milik Windows yg running biasanya berasal dari direktori System32.

Cara Membuat Virus Mengubah Registry.
Virus ini menambahkan beberapa item startup pada registry agar pada saat memulai Windows ia dapat running secara otomatis atau untuk mengubah setting-an Windows agar sesuai keinginannya. Informasi mengenai registry diubahnya tidak akan dapat dengan mudah kita lihat karena dalam kondisi terenkripsi.

Yang ia ubah adalah seperti nilai dari item Userinit, yakni dengan menambahkan parameter ke file induk. Pada key HKEY_CURRENT_ USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Windows\Load juga akan diubah itemnya agar mengarah ke file induknya dengan nama Activex.exe. Pada HKEY_CURRENT_USER \Software\Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\ akan terdapat item baru dengan nama present. Key HKEY_ LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\ akan terdapat item baru juga dengan nama Default dan %username%, username di sini merupakan nama user yang sedang aktif saat itu.

Virus hasil generate dari FFE juga mengubah shell extension untuk file .exe, yakni dengan mengubah type information dari Application menjadi File Folder. Setting-an folder Options juga diubah agar tidak menampilkan extension dan setiap fi le dengan attribut hidden. Dan agar dapat aktif pada safe-mode, ia pun mengubah nilai dari item SafeBoot.

Dengan menggunakan bantuan registry Image File Execution Options, virus ini juga menambahkan item baru pada section tersebut dengan nama cmd.exe, msconfi g.exe, regedit.exe, dan taskmgr.exe. Maksudnya adalah agar setiap user ketika mengakses aplikasi dengan nama file seperti itu, maka akan di-bypass oleh Windows dan dialihkan ke file induk si virus.

Bagaimana Cara Membuat Virus Virus Menyebar?
Virus ini dapat menyebar melalui media penyimpan data seperti flash disk. Saat kita mencolokkan flash disk pada komputer yang terinfeksi, maka pada flash disk tersebut akan terdapat beberapa file baru, seperti explorer.exe, %virusname%.exe, dan msvbvm60.dll. Juga beberapa file pendukung seperti desktop.ini, autorun.inf agar ia dapatrunning otomatis pada saat mengakses flash disk tersebut.

File virus lainnya pun disimpan pada direktori baru di flash disk tersebut dengan nama Recycled yang berisikan file Firus.pif dan Folder.htt. Kesemua file virus tersebut dalam kondisi hidden sehingga tidak terlihat.

Cara Virus Beraksi?
Untuk dapat bertahan hidup, virus ini pun akan mencoba untuk memblok setiap aplikasi yang tidak ia inginkan seperti tools atau aplikasi antivirus termasuk PCMAV. Sama seperti halnya dataregistry yang diubah, data mengenai aplikasi apa saja yang diblok olehnya juga terdapat dalam tubuhnya dalam kondisi terenkripsi.

Jadi, saat virus komputer sudah berada di memory, ia akan memantau setiap aplikasi yang diakses oleh user, yakni dengan membaca nama file dan juga caption Window. Beberapa nama program antivirus yang dicoba untuk dibloknya adalah nav.exe, avgcc.exe, njeeves.exe, ccapps.exe, ccapp.exe, kav.exe, nvcoas.exe, avp32.exe, dan masih banyak lagi yang lainnya. Termasuk beberapa aplikasi setup atau installer juga tidak dapat dijalankan pada komputer terinfeksi.

Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Cara Membuat Virus ?
PC Media Antivirus RC19 ini dapat membersihkan komputer terinfeksi secara tuntas dan akurat 100% setiap virus dibuat dengan menggunakan Fast Firus Generator. Untuk menghindari aksi blok oleh virus terhadap PCMAV, silakan Anda rename terlebih dahulu file PCMAV misalnya PCMAV-CLN.EXE menjadi MERDEKA.EXE (uangmayainternet.blogspot.com).

sumber :

http://www.sahabatsejati.com/komputer/cara-membuat-virus.html